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Etoposide is chemotherapy that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer. It is most commonly used to treat cancer of the windpipe (bronchus), lymphomas and testicular cancer. This section describes etoposide, how it is given and some of its possible side effects. It should ideally be read with CancerBACUP's general information on chemotherapy, which gives more information and advice.
You will see your doctor regularly while you have this treatment so that he or she can monitor the effects of the chemotherapy. This section should help you to discuss any queries about your treatment and its side effects with your doctor or chemotherapy nurse, as they are in the best position to help and advise you.
Etoposide is a clear fluid. It is also available as pale pink capsules of 50mg and 100mg.
Etoposide may be given:
Each person's reaction to chemotherapy is unique. Some people have very few side effects, while others may experience more. The side effects described in this section will not affect everyone who is given etoposide, and may be different if you are having more than one chemotherapy drug.
We have outlined the most common and the less common side effects, so that you can be aware of them if they occur. However, we have not included those that are very rare and therefore extremely unlikely to affect you. If you notice any effects which you think may be due to the drug, but which are not listed here, please discuss them with your doctor or chemotherapy nurse.
Temporary reduction in the production of blood cells by the bone marrow This can result in anaemia leading to tiredness; an increased risk of bruising or bleeding and an increased risk of infection. The reduction in the number of blood cells in your blood can begin about seven days after the treatment has been given, and usually reaches its lowest point at 10-14 days after the chemotherapy. The number of blood cells will then increase steadily and will usually return to normal within 21-28 days.
The extent to which your number of blood cells is reduced depends on the dose of chemotherapy you have and which other chemotherapy drugs, if any, are given in combination. Your doctor can advise you how likely it is that your blood cells will be lowered by the chemotherapy. Your blood will be checked regularly to see how well your bone marrow is working.
If your temperature goes above 38°C (100.5°F); you develop any unexplained bruising or bleeding; or you suddenly feel unwell, even with a normal temperature, contact your doctor or the hospital straight away.
Hair loss usually starts 3-4 weeks after the first dose of etoposide, although it may happen earlier. Hair may be lost completely. You may also have thinning and loss of eyelashes, eyebrows and other body hair. This is temporary and the hair will regrow once the treatment ends.
Nausea (feeling sick) and vomiting There are now very effective anti-sickness drugs to prevent or greatly reduce this. If it does happen it may begin after the treatment is given and can last for up to five days. It is more common when etoposide is given as capsules rather than into the vein. If the sickness is not controlled, or continues tell your doctor, who can prescribe other drugs that may be more effective.
Diarrhoea can usually be easily controlled with medicine but tell your doctor if it is severe or continues. It is important to drink plenty of fluids if you have diarrhoea.
Loss of appetite A dietitian or specialist nurse at your hospital can give advice. CancerBACUP's section on diet and the cancer patient has tips on boosting appetite, coping with eating difficulties and maintaining weight.
Sore mouth and taste change Your mouth may become sore, or you may notice small ulcers during this treatment. Drinking plenty of fluids and cleaning your teeth regularly and gently with a soft toothbrush can help to reduce the risk of this happening. Tell your doctor if you have any of these problems as special mouthwashes and medicines to prevent or clear any mouth infection can be prescribed.
You may notice that your food tastes different. Normal taste will come back after the treatment finishes.
Tiredness and a general feeling of weakness It is important to allow yourself plenty of time to rest.
Skin changes Etoposide can cause a rash, which may be itchy. Your doctor can prescribe medicine to help with this. Let your doctor know if this happens. Your skin may darken, due to excess production of pigment. It usually returns to normal a few months after the treatment has finished.
Sleeplessness, headaches and confusion These effects are very rare and only occur with high dose treatment. If you have any of these side effects let your doctor know straightaway.
Allergic reaction Signs of an allergic reaction include skin rashes and itching, a high temperature, shivering, redness of the face, a feeling of dizziness, a headache, breathlessness, anxiety and a desire to pass urine. You will be monitored for any signs of an allergic reaction during the treatment. Tell your doctor or nurse if you have any of these symptoms.
Some medicines can be harmful to take when you are having chemotherapy. Always tell your doctor about any other medicine you are taking.
While etoposide is being given, it can cause pain at the place where the injection is given, or along the vein. If you feel pain, tell your doctor or nurse.
Fertility Your ability to become pregnant or father a child may be affected by taking this drug. It is important to discuss fertility with your doctor before starting treatment.
Contraception It is not advisable to become pregnant or father a child while taking etoposide as it may harm the developing foetus. It is important to use effective contraception whilst taking this drug, and for at least a few months afterwards. Again, discuss this with your doctor.
This section has been compiled using information from a number of reliable sources including;
For futher references, please see general bibliography.